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Sumerian Farmer's Almanac
Sumerian Farmer's Almanac is the first farmer's almanac on record.〔Winegrad, Dilys Pegler, ''Through Time, Across Continents'', University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology (1992), ISBN 0-924171-16-2, p. 16, ''Sumerian firsts are: ...the first Farmer's Almanac on record.''〕〔Kramer, Samuel Noah, ''In the World of Sumer: An Autobiography'', Wayne State University Press, 1988, ISBN 0-8143-2121-6, p. 139, ''... a first "Farmer's Almanac."〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= The Fertile Crescent )〕 The farmer's almanac is dated to around 1700 to 1500 BCE. It was discovered in 1949 by an American expedition in Iraq sponsored jointly by the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago and the University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania.〔Kramer, S.N., November 1951, ''Scientific American'', pages 54-55.〕
==Tablet==
The farmer's almanac is a small clay tablet of by with an inscription that is more than 3,500 years old. It was found in the ancient Sumerian site of Nippur.〔 The tablet had to be completely restored as it was in poor condition when discovered.〔Kramer, pp. 65-69, ''History Begins At Sumer'' (1959).〕
The "Nippur tablet" has 35 lines of text and is part of the middle of the complete overall document. Different parts of the agricultural "primer" were already known in eight other clay tablets and fragments before the Nippur part was discovered. The complete Sumerian Farmer's Almanac document has 111 lines of text. It was originally made by a farmer for his son. The document has prime importance in the history of agriculture and its techniques. The document consists of a series of instructions for the purpose of guiding one throughout their yearly agricultural activities.〔
Before this document was discovered there were two similar farmer's "handbooks" known from ancient times. One was Virgil's ''Georgics'' and the other was Hesiod's ''Works and Days''. Hesiod's "handbook", written probably in the eighth century BCE, was considered the earliest known farmer's almanac then known until the Sumerian Farmer's Almanac officially took the title in 1951. The Sumerian Farmer's Almanac predates Hesiod's almanac by approximately a millennium.:〔 P
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